الهند

ملف حقائق عن البلد

يجب استخدام المعلومات الموجودة في هذه الصفحات للبحث عن المخاطر الصحية ولإبلاغ استشارة ما قبل السفر.

Travellers should check the صفحة نصائح السفر الخاصة بالدول من مكتب الخارجية والكومنولث والتنمية (FCDO) (where available) which provides information on travel entry requirements in addition to safety and security advice.

يجب على المسافرين ترتيب موعد مع أخصائي الرعاية الصحية الخاص بهم قبل السفر بأربعة إلى ستة أسابيع على الأقل. ومع ذلك، حتى إذا كان الوقت قصيرًا، فإن تحديد موعد لا يزال يستحق العناء. يوفر هذا الموعد فرصة لتقييم المخاطر الصحية مع مراعاة عدد من العوامل بما في ذلك الوجهة، والتاريخ الطبي، والأنشطة المخطط لها. بالنسبة لأولئك الذين يعانون من مشاكل صحية موجودة مسبقًا، يُوصى بتحديد موعد مبكر.

All travellers should ensure they have تأمين صحي مناسب للسفر.

قائمة بالموارد المفيدة بما في ذلك نصائح حول كيفية تقليل مخاطر بعض المشاكل الصحية متاحة أدناه.

الموارد

• نظافة الطعام والماء

• تجنب لدغات الحشرات والقراد

• السلامة الشخصية

• الحماية من الشمس

Vaccine recommendations

يتم تقديم تفاصيل توصيات ومتطلبات التطعيم أدناه.

جميع المسافرين

Travellers should be up to date with routine vaccination courses and boosters as موصى به في المملكة المتحدة. These vaccinations include for example لقاح الحصبة والنكاف والحصبة الألمانية (MMR) vaccine and diphtheria-tetanus-polio vaccine.

لا يتم تقديم توصيات خاصة بالدول بشأن الدفتيريا هنا. يتم دمج لقاحات الدفتيريا والتيتانوس وشلل الأطفال في لقاح واحد في المملكة المتحدة. لذلك، عندما يُوصى بجرعة معززة من التيتانوس للمسافرين، يتم إعطاء لقاح الدفتيريا أيضًا. في حال حدوث تفشي للدفتيريا في بلد ما، سيتم تقديم إرشادات بشأن لقاح الدفتيريا.

Those who may be at increased risk of an infectious disease due to their work, lifestyle choice, or certain underlying health problems should be up to date with additional recommended vaccines. See details on the selective immunisation programmes and additional vaccines for individuals with underlying medical conditions at the bottom of the 'جدول التطعيم الروتيني الكامل' document and the individual chapters of the 'Green Book' التطعيم ضد الأمراض المعدية for further details.

متطلبات الشهادة

Please read the information below carefully, as certificate requirements may be relevant to certain travellers only. For travellers further details, if required, should be sought from their healthcare professional.

• There is no risk of yellow fever in India, however, there is a certificate requirement.

• Under International Health Regulations, a yellow fever vaccination certificate is required from travellers aged 9 months and over arriving within 6 days of departure from an area with risk of yellow fever transmission.

• Anyone (except infants up to the age of 9 months) arriving by air or sea without a yellow fever vaccination certificate is detained in isolation for up to 6 days if that person (i) arrives within 6 days of departure from an area with risk of yellow fever transmission, or (ii) has been in such an area in transit (except those passengers and members of the crew who, while in transit through an airport situated in an area with risk of yellow fever transmission, remained within the airport premises during the period of their entire stay and the Health Officer agrees to such exemption), or (iii) arrives on a ship that started from or touched at any port in an area with risk of yellow fever transmission up to 30 days before its arrival in India, unless such a ship has been disinsected in accordance with the procedure laid down by WHO, or (iv) arrives on an aircraft that has been in an area with risk of yellow fever transmission and has not been disinsected in accordance with the provisions laid down in the Indian Aircraft Public Health Rules, 1954, or as recommended by WHO.

• Countries and areas regarded as having risk of yellow fever transmission are:
  Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, South Sudan, Togo and Uganda.
  Americas: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad (Trinidad only), and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of).

• Note: When a case of yellow fever is reported from any country, that country is regarded by the Government of India as a country with risk of yellow fever transmission and is added to the above list.

• According to World Health Organization (WHO), from 11 July 2016 (for all countries), the yellow fever certificate will be valid for the duration of the life of the person vaccinated. As a consequence, a valid certificate, presented by arriving travellers, cannot be rejected on the grounds that more than ten years have passed since the date vaccination became effective as stated on the certificate; and that boosters or revaccination cannot be required.

• View the WHO list of countries with risk of yellow fever transmission.

• There is no risk of polio in this country. However, proof of polio vaccination may be necessary for some travellers. Please check the World Health Organization: International Travel and Health for the latest country specific information.

معظم المسافرين

اللقاحات في هذا القسم موصى بها لمعظم المسافرين الذين يزورون هذا البلد. يمكن العثور على معلومات حول هذه اللقاحات بالنقر على السهم الأزرق. يتم سرد اللقاحات أبجديًا.

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A is a viral infection transmitted through contaminated food and water or by direct contact with an infectious person. Symptoms are often mild or absent in young children, but the disease can be more serious with advancing age. Recovery can vary from weeks to months. Following hepatitis A infection immunity is lifelong.

الوقاية

All travellers should take care with personal, food and water hygiene.

Hepatitis A vaccination

As hepatitis A vaccine is well tolerated and affords long-lasting protection, it is recommended for all previously unvaccinated travellers.

Hepatitis A in brief

Hepatitis A in brief

الكزاز

Tetanus is caused by a toxin released from Clostridium tetani bacteria and occurs worldwide. Tetanus bacteria are present in soil and manure and may be introduced through open wounds such as a puncture wound, burn or scratch.

الوقاية

يجب على المسافرين تنظيف جميع الجروح بعناية وطلب الرعاية الطبية للإصابات مثل عضات/خدوش الحيوانات، الحروق أو الجروح الملوثة بالتربة.

التطعيم ضد التيتانوس

• يجب أن يكون المسافرون قد أكملوا دورة تطعيم الكزاز وفقًا للجدول الزمني في المملكة المتحدة.

• إذا كنت تسافر إلى بلد أو منطقة قد تكون فيها المرافق الطبية محدودة، يُوصى بأخذ جرعة تعزيزية من لقاح يحتوي على التيتانوس إذا كانت الجرعة الأخيرة قد أُخذت قبل أكثر من عشر سنوات، حتى لو تم إعطاء خمس جرعات من اللقاح سابقًا.

Country-specific information on medical facilities may be found in the 'health' section of the نصائح السفر للخارج من FCDO pages.

التيتانوس بإيجاز

التيتانوس بإيجاز

Typhoid

Typhoid is a bacterial infection transmitted through contaminated food and water. Previous typhoid illness may only partially protect against re-infection.

Vaccination is recommended for most travellers, particularly travellers visiting friends and relatives, those in contact with an infected person, young children, frequent or long-stay travellers visiting areas where sanitation and food hygiene are likely to be poor, and laboratory personnel who may handle the bacteria for their work.

الوقاية

All travellers should take care with personal, food and water hygiene.

Typhoid vaccination

• Oral and injectable typhoid vaccinations are available.

Typhoid in brief

Typhoid in brief

بعض المسافرين

اللقاحات في هذا القسم موصى بها لبعض المسافرين الذين يزورون هذا البلد. يتم سرد اللقاحات أبجديًا.

Chikungunya

Chikungunya is a viral infection spread by mosquitoes which bite mainly during daytime hours. It causes a flu-like illness and can cause severe joint and muscles pains which usually improve in 1–2 weeks but may persist for months or years. It is rarely fatal.

There is a risk of chikungunya in this country.

سيتم الإبلاغ عن المعلومات المتعلقة بالتفشيات الحالية، حيثما توفرت، في قاعدة بيانات مراقبة التفشيات لدينا.

الوقاية

• يجب على المسافرين تجنب لدغات البعوض، خاصة خلال ساعات النهار.

Chikungunya vaccination

Vaccination may be considered for individuals aged 12 years of age and over who are:

• travelling to regions with a current chikungunya outbreak

• long-term or frequent travellers to regions with an increased risk of chikungunya

• exposed to the chikungunya virus through their work, such as laboratory staff working with the virus

Detailed advice about the use and contraindications of the available vaccines will be available in the green book chikungunya chapter in the coming months. For now, please see the JCVI news item and chikungunya in brief for details.

Chikungunya in brief

Chikungunya in brief

Cholera

Cholera is a bacterial infection transmitted by contaminated food and water. Cholera can cause severe watery diarrhoea although mild infections are common. Most travellers are at low risk.

الوقاية

All travellers should take care with personal, food and water hygiene.

Cholera vaccination

This oral vaccine is recommended for those whose activities or medical history put them at increased risk. This includes:

• aid workers.

• those going to areas of cholera outbreaks who have limited access to safe water and medical care.

• those for whom vaccination is considered potentially beneficial.

Cholera in brief

Cholera in brief

حمى الضنك

حمى الضنك هي عدوى فيروسية تنتقل عن طريق البعوض الذي يتغذى بشكل رئيسي خلال ساعات النهار. تسبب مرضًا يشبه الإنفلونزا، والذي يمكن أن يتطور أحيانًا إلى مرض أكثر خطورة يهدد الحياة. حمى الضنك الشديدة نادرة في المسافرين.

البعوض الذي ينقل حمى الضنك أكثر شيوعًا في البلدات والمدن والمناطق المحيطة بها.

There is a risk of dengue in this country.

سيتم الإبلاغ عن المعلومات المتعلقة بالتفشيات الحالية، حيثما توفرت، في قاعدة بيانات مراقبة التفشيات لدينا.

الوقاية

• يجب على المسافرين تجنب لدغات البعوض، خاصة خلال ساعات النهار.

Dengue vaccination

Vaccination can be considered for individuals aged 4 years of age and older who have had dengue infection in the past and who are:

• travelling to areas where there is a risk of dengue infection or areas with an ongoing outbreak of dengue, or

• are exposed to dengue virus through their work, such as laboratory staff working with the virus

Exceptionally, vaccination can be considered in those who have not had dengue in the past. In these situations, further expert advice should be considered. Detailed guidance on how to ascertain previous infection is available in the UK Health Security Agency Immunisation against infectious disease the 'Green book'. The final decision on vaccination rests with the health professional and the traveller after a detailed risk assessment has been performed and the potential risks of vaccination explained.

نبذة عن حمى الضنك

نبذة عن حمى الضنك

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is a viral infection spread through blood, semen and vaginal fluids. This mostly occurs during sexual contact or as a result of blood-to-blood contact (for example from contaminated equipment during medical and dental procedures, tattooing or body piercing procedures, and sharing of intravenous needles). Mothers with the virus can also pass on the infection to their baby during childbirth.

This country is considered to have an intermediate or high prevalence of hepatitis B.

الوقاية

Travellers should avoid contact with blood or body fluids. This includes:

• Avoiding unprotected sexual intercourse.

• Avoiding tattooing, piercing, public shaving, and acupuncture (unless sterile equipment is used).

• Not sharing needles or other injection equipment.

• Following universal precautions if working in a healthcare or other higher risk setting.

A sterile medical equipment kit may be helpful when travelling to resource poor areas.

Hepatitis B vaccination

Vaccination could be considered for all travellers and is recommended for those whose activities or medical history put them at increased risk. This includes:

• Those who may have unprotected sex.

• Those who may be exposed to contaminated needles through injecting drug use.

• Those who may be exposed to blood or body fluids through their work (e.g. health and aid workers).

• Those at high risk of requiring medical or dental procedures or hospitalisation e.g. those with pre-existing medical conditions, those who may require travelling for medical care abroad, or those travelling to visit families or relatives.

• Long-stay travellers.

• Those who are participating in contact sports.

• Families adopting children from this country.

Hepatitis B in brief

Hepatitis B in brief

Japanese encephalitis

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a viral infection transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito. These mosquitoes usually bite between dusk and dawn, mainly in rural areas; especially where there are rice fields, swamps and marshes. Mosquitoes become infected by biting JE infected animals (particularly pigs) or birds.

Travellers are at increased risk of infection when visiting rural areas. Short trips (usually less than a month) especially if only travelling to urban areas, are considered lower risk.

Japanese encephalitis in India

JE occurs in this country: in southern regions transmission is year-round. In northern regions, the transmission season is currently considered to be May to October, cases may be reported outside these months.

الوقاية

All travellers should avoid mosquito bites particularly between dusk and dawn.

Japanese encephalitis vaccination

• Vaccination is recommended for those whose activities put them at increased risk (see above).

• Vaccination could be considered for those on shorter trips if the risk is considered to be sufficient e.g. those spending time in areas where the mosquito breeds such as rice fields, marshlands, or pig farming areas.

Japanese encephalitis in brief

Japanese encephalitis in brief

Rabies

Rabies is a viral infection which is usually transmitted following contact with the saliva of an infected animal most often via a bite, scratch or lick to an open wound or mucous membrane (such as on the eye, nose or mouth). Although many different animals can transmit the virus, most cases follow a bite or scratch from an infected dog. In some parts of the world, bats are an important source of infection.

Rabies symptoms can take some time to develop, but when they do, the condition is almost always fatal.

The risk of exposure is increased by certain activities and length of stay (see below). Children are at increased risk as they are less likely to avoid contact with animals and to report a bite, scratch or lick.

Rabies in India

Rabies is considered a risk and has been reported in domestic animals in this country. Bats may also carry rabies-like viruses.

الوقاية

• Travellers should avoid contact with all animals. Rabies is preventable with prompt post-exposure treatment.

• Following a possible exposure, wounds should be thoroughly cleansed and an urgent local medical assessment sought, even if the wound appears trivial.

• Post-exposure treatment and advice should be in accordance with national guidelines.

تطعيم داء الكلب

دورة كاملة من اللقاحات الوقائية قبل التعرض تبسط وتقصّر مسار العلاج بعد التعرض وتلغي الحاجة إلى الغلوبولين المناعي لداء الكلب الذي يعاني من نقص عالمي.

Pre-exposure vaccinations are recommended for travellers whose activities put them at increased risk including:

• those at risk due to their work (e.g. laboratory staff working with the virus, those working with animals or health workers who may be caring for infected patients).

• those travelling to areas where access to post-exposure treatment and medical care is limited.

• those planning higher risk activities such as running or cycling.

• long-stay travellers (more than one month).

نبذة عن داء الكلب

نبذة عن داء الكلب

Tuberculosis

TB is a bacterial infection most commonly affecting the lungs but can affect any part of the body. When a person with TB in their lungs or throat coughs or sneezes they could pass TB on to other people. TB is curable but can be serious if not treated.

The BCG vaccination helps to protect some people, particularly babies and young children who are at increased risk from TB.

This country has reported an annual TB incidence of greater than or equal to 40 cases per 100,000 population at least once in the last five years (further details).

الوقاية

Travellers should avoid close contact with individuals known to have infectious pulmonary (lung) or laryngeal (throat) TB.

Those at risk during their work (such as healthcare workers) should take appropriate infection control and prevention precautions.

Tuberculosis (BCG) vaccination

BCG vaccine is recommended for those at increased risk of developing severe disease and/or of exposure to TB infection. See UK Health Security Agency Immunisation against infectious disease, the 'Green Book'.

For travellers, BCG vaccine is recommended for:

• Unvaccinated, children under 16 years of age, who are going to live for more than 3 months in this country. A tuberculin skin test is required prior to vaccination for all children from 6 years of age and may be recommended for some younger children.

• Unvaccinated, tuberculin skin test-negative individuals at risk due to their work such as healthcare or laboratory workers who have direct contact with TB patients or potentially infectious clinical material and vets and abattoir workers who handle animal material, which could be infected with TB.

There are specific contraindications to BCG vaccine. Health professionals must be trained and assessed as competent to administer this vaccine intradermally.

Following administration, no further vaccines should be administered in the same limb for 3 months.

The BCG vaccine is given once only, booster doses are not recommended.

Tuberculosis in brief

Tuberculosis in brief

Malaria is a serious illness caused by infection of red blood cells with a parasite called Plasmodium. The disease is transmitted by mosquitoes which predominantly feed between dusk and dawn.

Symptoms usually begin with a fever (high temperature) of 38°C (100°F) or more. Other symptoms may include feeling cold and shivery, headache, nausea, vomiting and aching muscles. Symptoms may appear between eight days and one year after the infected mosquito bite.

Prompt diagnosis and treatment is required as people with malaria can deteriorate quickly. Those at higher risk of malaria, or of severe complications from malaria, include pregnant women, infants and young children, the elderly, travellers who do not have a functioning spleen and those visiting friends and relatives.

الوقاية

Travellers should follow an ABCD guide to preventing malaria:

تwareness of the risk – Risk depends on the specific location, season of travel, length of stay, activities and type of accommodation.

لite prevention – Travellers should take mosquito bite avoidance measures.

حhemoprophylaxis – Travellers should take antimalarials (malaria prevention tablets) if appropriate for the area (see below). No antimalarials are 100% effective but taking them in combination with mosquito bite avoidance measures will give substantial protection against malaria.

Diagnosis – Travellers who develop a fever of 38°C [100°F] or higher more than one week after being in a malaria risk area, or who develop any symptoms suggestive of malaria within a year of return should seek immediate medical care. Emergency standby treatment may be considered for those going to remote areas with limited access to medical attention.

Risk areas

• There is a risk of malaria in the states of Assam and Odisha; the districts of East Godavari, Srikakulam, Vishakhapatnam and Vizianagaram in the state of Andhra Pradesh; and the districts of Balaghat, Dindori, Mandla and Seoni in the state of Madhya Pradesh (see map below – click on map to enlarge): atovaquone/proguanil OR doxycycline OR mefloquine recommended.

• For the rest of India (including Goa and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands) there is a low risk of malaria: awareness of risk and bite avoidance recommended.

• There is no risk of malaria in the Lakshadweep islands.

Special risk groups

In low risk areas, antimalarials may be considered in exceptional circumstances for travellers who are at higher risk of malaria (such as long term travellers visiting friends and relatives), or of severe complications from malaria (such as the elderly [over 70 years], the immunosuppressed, those with complex co-morbidities, pregnant women, infants and young children). The final decision whether or not to advise antimalarials rests with the travel health advisor and the traveller after individual risk assessment.

Travellers with an absent or poorly functioning spleen should be dissuaded from travel to any area with risk of malaria. Where travel is essential, awareness, rigorous bite avoidance and antimalarials should be advised, even for the low risk areas.

For special risk groups, you may wish to seek specialist advice. For the low risk areas in this country/area, atovaquone/proguanil OR doxycycline OR mefloquine would be suitable options.

Antimalarial recommendations map

• Click on map to open in a new window

Recommended antimalarials

The recommended antimalarials for India are listed below. They are recommended for certain areas only (see description of risk areas above). If these are not suitable please seek further specialist advice.

Please note, the advice for children is different, the dose is based on body weight and some antimalarials are not suitable.

Atovaquone/Proguanil

Atovaquone 250mg/Proguanil 100mg combination preparation:

• start one to two days before arrival in the malaria risk area

• for adults, one tablet is taken every day, ideally at the same time of day for the duration of the time in a malaria risk area and daily for seven days after leaving the malaria risk area

• take with a fatty meal if possible

• for children paediatric tablets are available and the dose is based on body weight (see table)

Doxycycline

Doxycycline 100mg:

• start one to two days before arrival in the malaria risk area

• adults and children over 12 years of age take 100mg daily, ideally at the same time of day for the duration of the time in a malaria risk area and daily for four weeks after leaving the malaria risk area

• take with food if possible; avoid taking this drug just before lying down

• not suitable for children under 12 years of age

Mefloquine

Mefloquine 250mg:

• this drug is taken weekly, adults take one 250mg tablet each week

• start two to three weeks before arrival in the malaria risk area and continue weekly until four weeks after leaving the malaria risk area

• for children the dose is based on the body weight (see table below)

الموارد

• Malaria in brief

• Malaria factsheet

• تجنب لدغات الحشرات والقراد

• Children's antimalarial dose table

• Malaria prevention guidelines for travellers from the UK

هناك بعض المخاطر التي تهم جميع المسافرين بغض النظر عن الوجهة. قد تشمل هذه المخاطر على سبيل المثال حوادث المرور والحوادث الأخرى، الأمراض التي تنتقل عن طريق الحشرات أو القراد، الأمراض التي تنتقل عن طريق الطعام والماء الملوثين، أو المشاكل الصحية المتعلقة بالحرارة أو البرد.

يتم ذكر بعض المخاطر الإضافية (التي قد تكون موجودة في كل أو جزء من هذا البلد) أدناه وتُعرض بترتيب أبجدي.

Altitude

There is a risk of altitude illness when travelling to destinations of 2,500 metres (8,200 feet) or higher. Important risk factors are the altitude gained, rate of ascent and sleeping altitude. Rapid ascent without a period of acclimatisation puts a traveller at higher risk.

There are three syndromes; acute mountain sickness (AMS), high-altitude cerebral oedema (HACE) and high-altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPE). HACE and HAPE require immediate descent and medical treatment.

Altitude illness in India

There is a point of elevation in this country higher than 2,500 metres. Some example places of interest, Leh 3,514m and Darjeeling 2,127m.

الوقاية

• Travellers should spend a few days at an altitude below 3,000m.

• Where possible travellers should avoid travel from altitudes less than 1,200m to altitudes greater than 3,500m in a single day.

• Ascent above 3,000m should be gradual. Travellers should avoid increasing sleeping elevation by more than 500m per day and ensure a rest day (at the same altitude) every three or four days.

• Acetazolamide can be used to assist with acclimatisation, but should not replace gradual ascent.

• Travellers who develop symptoms of AMS (headache, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea and sleep disturbance) should avoid further ascent. In the absence of improvement or with progression of symptoms the first response should be to descend.

• Development of HACE or HAPE symptoms requires immediate descent and emergency medical treatment.

Altitude illness in brief

Altitude illness in brief

الحشرات القارضة أو القراد

يمكن أن تسبب لدغات الحشرات أو القراد تهيجًا وعدوى في الجلد في موقع اللدغة. كما يمكنها أيضًا نقل بعض الأمراض.

Diseases in South Asia

There is a risk of insect or tick-borne diseases in some areas of South Asia. This includes diseases such as حمى القرم-الكونغو النزفية, داء الليشمانيات, scrub typhus and West Nile Virus.

الوقاية

• يجب على جميع المسافرين تجنب لدغات الحشرات والقراد نهارًا وليلاً.

• لا توجد لقاحات (أو أدوية) للوقاية من هذه الأمراض.

Further information about specific insect or tick-borne diseases for this country can be found, if appropriate on this page, in other sections of the country information pages and the نشرة حقائق حول تجنب لدغات الحشرات والقراد.

الإنفلونزا

الإنفلونزا الموسمية هي عدوى فيروسية تصيب الجهاز التنفسي وتنتشر بسهولة من شخص لآخر عبر الرذاذ التنفسي عند السعال والعطس. تظهر الأعراض بسرعة وتشمل الحمى، آلام العضلات، الصداع، الشعور بالتعب (الشعور بالمرض)، السعال، التهاب الحلق وسيلان الأنف. في الأفراد الأصحاء، تتحسن الأعراض دون علاج في غضون يومين إلى سبعة أيام. المرض الشديد أكثر شيوعًا لدى الأشخاص الذين تبلغ أعمارهم 65 عامًا أو أكثر، أو الذين تقل أعمارهم عن سنتين، أو الذين لديهم حالات طبية كامنة تزيد من خطر تعرضهم لمضاعفات الإنفلونزا.

Seasonal influenza in India

تحدث الإنفلونزا الموسمية في جميع أنحاء العالم. في نصف الكرة الشمالي (بما في ذلك المملكة المتحدة)، تحدث معظم حالات الإنفلونزا من بداية أكتوبر حتى مارس. في نصف الكرة الجنوبي، تحدث الإنفلونزا غالبًا بين أبريل وسبتمبر. في المناطق الاستوائية، يمكن أن تحدث الإنفلونزا على مدار السنة.

الوقاية

يجب على جميع المسافرين:

• تجنب الاتصال الوثيق مع الأفراد الذين تظهر عليهم الأعراض

• تجنب الأماكن المزدحمة قدر الإمكان

• غسل أيديهم بشكل متكرر

• مارس "نظافة السعال": العطس أو السعال في منديل والتخلص منه بأمان على الفور، وغسل اليدين

• تجنب السفر إذا كنت تشعر بأعراض تشبه الإنفلونزا

• يتوفر لقاح في ظروف معينة (انظر أدناه)*

*In the UK, seasonal influenza vaccine is offered routinely each year to those at higher risk of developing of severe disease following influenza infection, and certain additional groups such as healthcare workers and children as part of the UK national schedule (see معلومات عن التطعيم). بالنسبة لأولئك الذين لا ينتمون إلى هذه الفئات، قد يتوفر التطعيم بشكل خاص.

إذا كان الأفراد المعرضون لخطر أكبر للإصابة بمرض شديد بعد عدوى الإنفلونزا يسافرون إلى بلد من المحتمل أن تنتشر فيه الإنفلونزا، فيجب عليهم التأكد من أنهم تلقوا لقاح الإنفلونزا في الأشهر الـ 12 السابقة.

اللقاح المستخدم في المملكة المتحدة يحمي ضد السلالات المتوقع حدوثها خلال أشهر الشتاء في نصف الكرة الشمالي. لا يمكن الحصول على لقاح لنصف الكرة الجنوبي في المملكة المتحدة، ولكن اللقاح المستخدم خلال موسم الإنفلونزا في المملكة المتحدة يجب أن يوفر حماية مهمة ضد السلالات التي من المحتمل أن تحدث خلال موسم الإنفلونزا في نصف الكرة الجنوبي، وفي المناطق الاستوائية.

إنفلونزا الطيور

يمكن لفيروسات إنفلونزا الطيور أن تصيب البشر وتسبب لهم المرض نادرًا. عادة ما ترتبط هذه الحالات بالتعرض المباشر لمجموعات الطيور أو الحيوانات المصابة. عند الاقتضاء، ستكون المعلومات حول هذه الحالات متاحة في أقسام التفشي والأخبار في صفحات الدول المعنية. لن توفر لقاحات الإنفلونزا الموسمية الحماية ضد إنفلونزا الطيور.

نبذة عن إنفلونزا الطيور

نبذة عن إنفلونزا الطيور

جودة الهواء الخارجي

تعتبر جودة الهواء الرديئة مشكلة صحية عامة كبيرة في العديد من مناطق العالم. يرتبط التعرض لمستويات عالية من تلوث الهواء على مدى فترات زمنية قصيرة (مثل الدقائق/الساعات/الأيام) وفترات زمنية أطول (مثل السنوات) بالعديد من المشاكل الصحية الحادة والمزمنة المختلفة. تؤثر هذه الآثار بشكل رئيسي على الجهاز التنفسي (الرئتين والمجاري الهوائية) والجهاز القلبي الوعائي (وظيفة القلب والدورة الدموية).

Current information on world air quality is available from the مشروع مؤشر جودة الهواء العالمي.

الوقاية

يجب على المسافرين الذين يعانون من مشاكل صحية قد تجعلهم أكثر عرضة لتأثيرات تلوث الهواء والذين يسافرون إلى مناطق ذات تلوث عالٍ أن:

• discuss their travel plans with their doctor, and carry adequate supplies of their regular medication.

• take sensible precautions to minimise their exposure to high levels of air pollution.

• check local air quality data and amend their activities accordingly.

• take notice of any health advisories published by the local Ministry of Health and Department for Environment, and follow the guidance provided.

من غير الواضح ما إذا كانت الأقنعة الوجهية مفيدة في تقليل التعرض وقد تجعل التنفس أكثر صعوبة للأشخاص الذين يعانون من حالات رئوية موجودة مسبقًا. يجب على أولئك الذين يختارون استخدامها التأكد من أن القناع يناسب بشكل جيد ومعرفة كيفية ارتدائه بشكل صحيح.

جودة الهواء الخارجي باختصار

جودة الهواء الخارجي باختصار

الأمراض المنقولة جنسياً

الأمراض المنقولة جنسياً (STIs) هي مجموعة من العدوى الفيروسية والبكتيرية والطفيليات التي تنتشر أثناء الجماع أو من خلال الاتصال الحميم. قد يكون علاج بعض الأمراض المنقولة جنسياً أكثر صعوبة بسبب مستويات أعلى من مقاومة المضادات الحيوية، وقد تكون بعض الأمراض المنقولة جنسياً التي نادرة في المملكة المتحدة أكثر شيوعاً في مناطق أخرى من العالم.

أي شخص نشط جنسيًا معرض لخطر الإصابة بعدوى منقولة جنسيًا أينما كان في العالم.

المخاطر أعلى للمسافرين الذين:

• have sex without a condom

• have sex with new or casual partners

• engage in sex tourism

• have sex under the influence of drugs or alcohol

Symptoms of STIs vary depending on the type of infection; some may only cause mild or unnoticeable symptoms. If symptoms do occur, they can include a rash, discharge, itching, blisters, sores or warts in genital and/or anal areas, pain when peeing and flu like symptoms.

If left untreated, STIs can cause serious long term health issues such as fertility problems, pelvic inflammatory disease and pregnancy complications.

الوقاية

Using condoms consistently and correctly with new or casual partners is the most effective way to reduce risk of STIs.

يمكن للمسافرين أيضًا تقليل خطر الإصابة بالأمراض المنقولة جنسيًا عن طريق:

• ensuring they are up to date for all UK recommended vaccines, including if appropriate السيلان, التهاب الكبد B, جدري القرود and الورم الحليمي البشري (HPV) كوفيد-19

• considering الوقاية قبل التعرض لفيروس نقص المناعة البشرية (PrEP) if appropriate

يجب على المسافرين طلب المشورة الطبية وتقديم تاريخ سفرهم إذا كانوا يعتقدون أنهم قد يكون لديهم عدوى منقولة جنسيًا، حتى لو لم تظهر عليهم أي أعراض. كما ينبغي عليهم إجراء اختبار للعدوى المنقولة جنسيًا إذا كانوا قد مارسوا الجنس بدون واقيات ذكرية مع شريك جديد أو عابر أثناء السفر.

In the UK اختبار الأمراض المنقولة جنسياً is free and confidential.

Zika virus

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a viral infection spread by mosquitoes which predominantly feed during daytime hours. A small number of cases of sexual transmission of ZIKV have also been reported. Most people infected with ZIKV have no symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they are usually mild and short-lived. Serious complications and deaths are not common. However, ZIKV is a cause of Congenital Zika Syndrome (microcephaly and other congenital anomalies) and neurological complications such as Guillain-Barré syndrome.

There is a risk of Zika virus in this country. Details of specific affected areas within this country are not available, but information on current outbreaks where available will be reported on our outbreak surveillance database.

Pregnant women should discuss the suitability of travel and the potential risk that Zika virus may present with their health care provider.

الوقاية

• All travellers should avoid mosquito bites, particularly during daytime hours.

• There is no vaccination or medication to prevent Zika virus infection.

• Women should avoid becoming pregnant while travelling in this country, and for 2 months (8 weeks) after their last possible Zika virus exposure* (see below if male partner has travelled).

• If a woman develops symptoms compatible with Zika virus infection, it is recommended she avoids becoming pregnant for a further 2 months following recovery.

• Women who visited this country while pregnant, or who become pregnant within 2 months after their last possible Zika virus exposure*, should contact their GP, obstetrician or midwife for further advice, even if they have not been unwell.

Please note screening of returning travellers without Zika virus symptoms is not available on the NHS. Couples planning pregnancy in the very near future should consider whether they should avoid travel to a country or area with risk of Zika virus, rather than delay conception for the recommended period (see below) after travel. This particularly includes couples in assisted fertility programmes.

Prevention of sexual transmission

Couples should follow guidance on prevention of sexual transmission of Zika virus and avoid conception as follows:

• If both partners travelled, for 3 months after last possible Zika virus exposure.*

• Male traveller only, for 3 months after last possible Zika virus exposure.*

• Female traveller only, for 2 months after last possible Zika virus exposure.*

See further information for pregnant women, their partners and couples planning pregnancy.

*Last possible Zika virus exposure is defined as the later of either the date of leaving a country or area with risk for Zika virus transmission, or the date on which unprotected sexual contact with a potentially infectious partner took place.

See detailed guidance on factors to consider when assessing the risk of Zika virus.

Zika virus in brief

Zika virus in brief

المصدر وإخلاء المسؤولية

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