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High blood pressure is when the blood pressure (a measure of how forcefully blood is pushed through your arteries) is higher than it should be. Blood pressure is measured as two numbers. The systolic blood pressure is the "top" number and is a measure of how forcefully the blood is pushing against the artery walls when the heart beats. The diastolic blood pressure is the "bottom" number and is a measure of the pressure in the arteries when the heart is pausing in between beats. Both numbers are important.

How can lifestyle changes help lower blood pressure?

Regular physical activity

If possible, aim to do some النشاط البدني every day. Detailed advice on how much exercise to do is given in Government guidelines (see Further Reading, below).

If you previously did little physical activity and you change to doing regular physical activity, it can reduce your systolic blood pressure. Medical advice should be sought before undertaking strenuous exercise if you have very high blood pressure; medication may be suggested before starting exercising.

Eat a healthy diet

Briefly, this means:

• At least five portions, or ideally 7-9 portions, of a variety of fruit and vegetables per day.

• A third of most meals should be starch-based foods (such as cereals, wholegrain bread, potatoes, rice, pasta), plus fruit and vegetables.

• Try using wholegrain versions of starchy foods (such as rice and pasta).

• Reduce fatty foods such as fatty meats, cheeses, full-cream milk, fried food, butter, etc.

• Include 2-3 portions of fish per week. At least one of these should be 'oily', such as herring, mackerel, sardines, kippers, pilchards, salmon, or fresh (not tinned) tuna.

• If you eat meat it is best to eat lean meat, or eat poultry such as chicken (without the skin which is full of saturated fat).

• Vegetable oils, such as rapeseed or olive, might be healthier than some other fats.

• Limit salt in your diet (see below).

A healthy diet provides benefits in different ways. For example, it can lower cholesterol, help control your weight, and provide plenty of vitamins, fibre and other nutrients which help to prevent certain diseases.

Some aspects of a healthy diet also directly affect blood pressure. For example, if you change to a diet which is low-fat, low-salt and high in fruit and vegetables, it can significantly lower systolic blood pressure.

Have a low salt intake

The amount of salt that we eat can have a major effect on our blood pressure. Public Health England says excess salt is one of the most important risk factors for high blood pressure we can change.

Government guidelines recommend that we should have no more than 5-6 grams of salt per day. On average, we eat just over 8 grams a day. About 3/4 of the salt we eat comes from processed food, where it's often not obvious - for instance, packet soups and sauces and even breakfast cereals can be high in salt. Tips on how to reduce salt include:

• استخدم الأعشاب والتوابل بدلاً من الملح لتتبيل الطعام.

• Limit the amount of salt used in cooking. Do not add salt to food at the table.

• اختر الأطعمة التي تحمل علامة "بدون إضافة ملح".'

• Avoid processed foods as much as possible.

• Salt substitutes are available, containing a reduced amount of sodium, the chemical that puts your blood pressure up. However, these often contain large amounts of potassium, which may be unsuitable for older people, people with diabetes, pregnant women, people with kidney disease and people taking some antihypertensive drugs, such as ACE inhibitors and angiotensin-II receptor blockers. Medical advice may need to be sought before using these products.

Limit alcohol intake

Too much alcohol can be harmful and can lead to an increase in blood pressure. You should not drink more than the recommended amount. Currently the maximum recommended amount for men and women is no more than 14 units of alcohol per week.

Units should be spread out through the week and there should be at least two alcohol-free days a week. Pregnant women should not drink at all. One unit is in about half a pint of normal-strength beer, or two thirds of a small glass of wine, or one single pub measure of spirits.

Cutting back on heavy drinking improves health in various ways. It can also have a direct effect on blood pressure. For example, if you are drinking heavily, cutting back to the recommended limits can lower a high systolic blood pressure.

Smoking and high blood pressure

Smoking does not directly affect the level of your blood pressure. However, smoking greatly adds to your health risk if you already have high blood pressure (hypertension). You should make every effort to التوقف عن التدخين. If you smoke and are having difficulty in stopping, see your practice nurse or local pharmacist for help and advice.